A multi-operator core network (MOCN) allows mobile network operators (MNOs) to efficiently, cost-effectively, and securely share radio access network (RAN) infrastructure. Offering clear benefits for both MNOs and enterprises in the context of neutral host solutions, MOCN is anticipated to play an increasingly crucial role in accelerating the rollout of private 5G CBRS-based networks in 2025 and beyond.

This article discusses the advantages of MOCN neutral host solutions over distributed antenna systems (DAS), highlighting key use cases such as education, logistics facilities (warehouses), and transportation hubs. It also explores the primary challenges of transitioning MOCN from LTE to 5G, including device readiness and voice over New Radio (VoNR). Lastly, the article spotlights MosoNetworks’ collaboration with leading MNOs and MOCN gateway providers to develop innovative solutions that optimize the installation, management, and operational capabilities of MOCN neutral host networks.

Figure 1: Detailed overview of MOCN architecture, illustrating shared LTE and 5G RAN with separate virtual local area networks (VLANs). (Source: ResearchGate)

Understanding MOCN Advantages and DAS Limitations

Supporting multiple MNOs on the same RAN infrastructure enables MOCN neutral host networks to facilitate seamless connections for users from different carriers. These networks reliably and efficiently aggregate key performance indicators (KPIs), helping MNOs monitor and maintain quality of service (QoS) and service-level agreements (SLAs). Additionally, MOCN neutral host networks fully comply with FCC emergency regulations such as E911 (location triangulation).

Effective for both indoor and outdoor coverage, MOCN neutral host networks:

• Allow MNOs to provide service in unserved or underserved locations using shared RAN infrastructure.
• Support the use of CBRS shared spectrum to simplify and accelerate multi-carrier network deployments with off-the-shelf radios and easy-to-use software.
• Offer carrier cellular services for VoLTE, data connectivity, and critical safety features including E-911.
• Facilitate flexible, scalable, and timely deployments with a large vendor ecosystem, ranging from niche system integrators to operators.

MOCN neutral host networks are generally cost-effective to install, integrate, and maintain, particularly for large campuses and multi-building deployments. In contrast, DAS typically requires costly, time-consuming installations and complex agreements with each MNO for multi-carrier support, including dedicated feeds for each network. Primarily focusing on efficient signal distribution and coverage, DAS offers limited control options for individual operators and requires extensive modifications to upgrade existing infrastructure.

Notably, MOCN neutral host networks can also leverage existing antenna infrastructure, allowing enterprises with indoor DAS deployments to easily add 5G radios for building-wide coverage. This enables enterprises of all sizes to improve indoor coverage with CBRS instead of multiple licensed spectrums, eliminating the need for expensive, MNO-owned baseband signaling equipment.

Exploring Real World MOCN Deployments

MOCN neutral host networks with 5G CBRS-enabled radios are particularly effective for university and college campuses. These locations typically have a mix of large, older buildings and newer structures with dense materials that interfere with or degrade cellular signals. Although some universities and colleges rely on Wi-Fi for indoor coverage and voice calls, Wi-Fi doesn’t fully support emergency alerts or E911.

In addition to regulatory compliance, MOCN neutral host networks offer universities and colleges reliable, cost-effective deployments alongside improved cross-campus connectivity and coverage. Because MOCN neutral host networks support multiple MNOs, students, faculty, and visitors can use their smartphones on the network without installing new SIM cards. For MNOs, MOCN neutral host networks deployed by universities and colleges significantly expand cellular coverage and improve QoS without increasing their capital expenditure (CapEx) or operational expenditure (OpEx), as these networks are provided by system integrators and managed service providers (MSPs).
Beyond higher education, MOCN neutral host networks with 5G CBRS-enabled radios benefit:

• First responders: Provide critical support for emergency services, including E911 location triangulation and dedicated communication channels.
• Warehouses: Deliver seamless cellular connectivity for workers with existing personal and business devices using SIMs from multiple carriers to improve communications and safety. Multiple carrier support ensures reliable communication in both indoor and outdoor facilities.
• Transportation hubs: Bolster cellular coverage in airports and train stations for passengers and staff, maintaining safety regulation compliance and providing reliable access to emergency cellular services.

Addressing MOCN Deployment Challenges

Although technically feasible, directly connecting multiple core networks to a single RAN poses major real-world challenges. Operating as an intermediary software layer, a MOCN gateway securely and efficiently manages RAN connections and traffic to each MNO core network. This configuration silos the RAN, ensuring it remains largely agnostic to core network changes. A MOCN gateway also helps streamline and manage billing, allowing MNOs to accurately track network subscribers, roaming users, and third-party services.

As 5G establishes itself as the dominant smartphone technology and private 5G becomes the preferred choice for advanced enterprise networks, support for 5G MOCN neutral host networks will steadily evolve. To accelerate MOCN adoption for private 5G networks, the telecommunications industry must first address three primary challenges:

• Device readiness: Many 5G smartphones still don’t fully support all private network CBRS capabilities. Notably, achieving ubiquitous support across smartphones and other cellular devices, as well as developing the logic for seamless handoff and consistent QoS between macro networks and neutral host networks, are key to widespread adoption.
• VoNR support: Most 5G NR rollouts continue to focus on data, with many networks relying on LTE for voice. The deployment of VoNR will vary in pace and scope across different carriers’ nationwide networks.
• Interoperability testing and certification: Although most 5G radios support MOCN, industry-standard gateway interoperability testing and certification is still a work in progress.

MosoNetworks: Leading MOCN Adoption for Private 5G CBRS Networks

MosoNetworks works closely with partners and customers to spearhead the rollout of private 5G CBRS neutral host networks and is becoming a leader in this space. All our indoor and outdoor radios support advanced MOCN capabilities, alongside complementary technologies such as expanded network slicing and Open RAN protocols. We also participate in industry-wide MOCN interoperability initiatives and conduct extensive in-house testing with leading MOCN gateway providers. Reach out to our team to find out more.